Hmmm. I know it was a mixed culture in Spain until 1492, when the last of the Jews were kicked out. The court under Alfonso X had Muslim and Jewish scholars, entertainers, dancers, singers, and musicians. It was the same in Sicily under the Norman kings and the emperor Frederick II.

Here's another pic from that book, but on Wikipedia:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File...onso_X.jpg

So yes, Muslim musicians were playing for Alfonso X!

However, looking at the pic again, I am wondering if they are Jewish, as both the man and the woman have identical yellow badges on their sleeves. And they are both portrayed as blonde and fair, and the man's hat isn't Arabic. Hmmm.

Here's more info about the book, from the same site:
www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/
Greg was kind enough to put a lot of it online.